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Black tourmaline black tourmaline is characterized boron aluminum, iron, sodium, magnesium, lithium ring structure silicate minerals, is one of the typical high-temperature gas into minerals. Black tourmaline colors vary with composition: Fe-rich tourmaline and black, rich Li, Mn and Cs were pink tourmaline, also pale blue, Mg-rich tourmaline often has brown and yellow , Cr-rich dark green tourmaline. Chinese name black tourmaline black tourmaline nickname skin color varies with composition applications in the radio industry, infrared detection, refrigeration, gem materials properties of boron silicate minerals form a high temperature gas into mineral chemical composition Contents 1 Introduction 2 3 4 Form 5 crystalline structure Causes 6 physical properties of matter and occurrence identification characteristics 7 8 9 The main purpose of the advantages of industrial uses 11 10 12 Life Application Note 1 Introduction black tourmaline tourmaline (tourmaline) family of a black iron minerals. Also known as black tourmaline. 1458971822_1748130876.220x220.239145076_1497425516.220x220.j Namibia produced a black tourmaline tourmaline is combined with smoky quartz, tourmaline gloss is very good, with smoky quartz mix is ??also good to see, and some special styling perfect. China Xinjiang also outputs black tourmaline, crystal form is also complete, unfortunately there is no combination of the crystal surface is not smooth, thus manifested gloss is not good enough. Collection points this tourmaline crystal is a combination of smoke, gloss and good style. 2 Chemical Composition 1739437069_1403467952.220x220.undefined black tourmaline (Na, Ca) (Fe, Mg, Al, Mn, Li) 3Al6 (BO3 (OH, F) 4 (Si6O18). Tourmaline is a borosilicate mineral , that is, except the silicone backbone, there [BO3] complex anion group in which Na + may locally K + and Ca2 + in place, (OH) -. may be replaced by F-, but no Al3 + replaced Si4 + phenomenon .R position isomorphic wide, there are four end-member components, namely: Tourmaline (Dravite) R = Mg; black tourmaline (Schorl): R = Fe; lithium tourmaline (Elbaite): R = Li + Al; sodium manganese tourmaline (Tsilaisit) R = Mn Tourmaline - between black tourmaline and black tourmaline - tourmaline formed between lithium between two completely isomorphic series, magnesium and lithium tourmaline tourmaline incomplete class quality same as .Fe3 + or Cr3 + R can also enter the location, chrome tourmaline up to 10.86% Cr2O3 3 rhombohedral crystal structure;. -R3m; a0 = 1.584 ~ 1.603 nm, c0 = 0.709 ~ 0.722 nm; Z = 3 . the basic characteristics of the crystal structure of tourmaline [SiO4] tetrahedra ring .B tripartite complex coordination number of 3, the composition of planar triangle; Mg coordination number of 6 (two of which are OH-), consisting of octahedral, and [BO3] total oxygen connected to the top of the complex three-way ring gap [SiO4] tetrahedron has a monovalent cation coordination number 9 of Na + distribution between with [AlO5 (OH)] is linked octahedra (Figure G -24). 4 form 1417618076_477730692.220x220.j black tourmaline crystal was columnar, different crystal planes at both ends, because no crystal symmetry center often appears on the cylinder vertical stripes, spherical triangular cross-section, it is because the development of a series of high-index planes caused, as to why the development of a series of high-index facets, may be related to the surface energy related, because, from the perspective of the surface geometry tripartite column can be relatively large, spherical tripartite development pillar will reduce the surface energy, but the spherical tripartite column will cause some development of high-index facets double crystal according to (101) or (401) development, but rare. aggregates showed a rod, radial, needle beam, but also into a dense block like or lump 5 Aphanitic physical properties 1048565312_1841852874.220x220 black tourmaline color varies with composition:?. Fe-rich tourmaline and black, rich Li, Mn and Cs were pink tourmaline, also pale blue, Mg-rich tourmaline often has brown and yellow, Cr-rich dark green tourmaline. In addition, tourmaline often has a ribbon phenomenon, vertical c-axis from the center out to form a horizontal ribbon, or c-axis two Different end color glass luster without cleavage;.. sometimes with a vertical L3 of split. Hardness of 7 to 7.5. The relative density of 3.03 ~ 3.25, with the composition Fe, increase the relative density of the Mn content also increases. Not only it has the piezoelectricity, and also has pyroelectric properties (because it is the only way the polar axis L3). ? 6 Causes and occurrence tourmaline ingredient rich in volatile component B and H2O, so much the role of gas as prolific in the granitic pegmatite and gas epithermal deposits. Usually black tourmaline are formed at a high temperature, green, pink are generally formed at lower temperatures. Tourmaline early form of long column late by short column. In addition, deterioration deposits also tourmaline output. 7 identifying characteristics of columnar crystal form, cylindrical vertical lines, cross-sectional spherical triangles, no cleavage, high hardness characteristics. 8 The main purpose of its piezoelectric properties can be used in the radio industry; its pyroelectric properties can be used for infrared detection, the refrigeration industry. Bright color, clear and transparent as gem materials may (commonly known as tourmaline). 9 advantage of the biggest advantages is the ability to produce single crystal tourmaline permanent weak current of 0.06 mA, and similar current through the human nervous, promote blood circulation. (Tourmaline negative ions and infrared capabilities incurable trouble women limbs cold symptoms for many years, shoulder pain, back pain, physical pain, and neuralgia, etc.) which is broadly divided into the following five characteristics. (1) produce negative ions, also known as [air vitamins], regulate body ion balance effect, can make physical and mental relaxation, activate cells, improve the natural cure rate and other effects, and can inhibit the body's oxidation or aging, with a modern environment prompting many positive ions generated to cause the body constant state of tension, therefore, negative ions are indispensable to modern materials, in addition, negative ions also has a deodorizing effect. (2) After the electrolytic water of the electrolysis, an active role in the interface can be obtained, the stability of chlorine, iron passivation (prevention of the occurrence of red rust generation red water), the reduction of water to remove silica binding ( microbial aggregates), and other effects. The reaction tourmaline and water, can deal with the problem and even chemical lotions and chemicals are difficult to deal with. (3) reduce water molecular beam of water molecules (H2O) are not alone, its molecules together to form a molecular beam. Molecular beam smaller water to remove chlorine or impurities, taste good, and can improve the body's penetration. (4) The far infrared radiation (4-14 microns of growth light) Far-infrared can penetrate into the deeper parts of the body, warm cells, promote blood circulation, metabolism smoothly. Tourmaline far-infrared emission power nearly 100% higher value than other minerals. (5) contains an effective trace minerals tourmaline contain various natural minerals, many of which are identical with human essential minerals. By weak current role, minerals easily absorbed, is an excellent source of minerals. Since the tourmaline 10 industrial uses with special thermoelectric and piezoelectric, in the heat, pressure, or by other energy excitation will have a charge, release large amounts of negative ions and far infrared radiation, it has a special electromagnetic wave protection. Therefore, tourmaline can be widely used in environmental protection, electronics, chemical, textile, ceramics and building materials industries. Since the tourmaline particles can enhance the activity of water molecules, increasing the negative ion content in the water. It is also widely used in the water activated, and sewage treatment, air purification and other fields. Since the tourmaline negative ions and far infrared excitation functions, but also used as a daily health care products, cosmetics, sauna washing facilities the main material. Energy 11 black tourmaline black tourmaline life application of powerful, staunch, and potentially very strong! When sensing, palms should be more improved its ability to do the contact point of a long wavelength. The negative side, the pressure can be absorbed by the body, sewage, gas disease, and a variety of negative energy, including malicious curse and Talisman, black magic, and so, of course, can ward off evil; the positive side, the corresponding round of the seabed, can stimulate vitality , active blood, open up the meridians, promote metabolism, strengthen the health of qi and blood women, old people's health, most helpful! We recommend hold black tourmaline often to sit meditation; no meditation habits, can watch TV, chat with people when more grip, also received great results! 12 Attention Please tourmaline play to the performance of the basic conditions: 1, convection: air, water flow or inhaled air, will form a convection. 2, the temperature difference: not just warm, even cooling, but also the power play. Cover on the body, it can block the sun. 3. Water: Not only is contact with water, and even air moisture or sweat moisture, can effect. 4. Pressure: imposing gravity, pressure, pressure and other pressure, only have access to the physical extent of the pressure can be. 5, friction: vibration or friction rub can lead to strong effect. When items come into contact with tourmaline and live body, touching the body of water, temperature, pressure, through physical activity, can create friction and convection. Therefore, when contact with the body of tourmaline, best play effect.