Guizhou heritage identification and Hong Kong beat

Chongqing Jiangbei have identified lots of jade relics and domestic varieties of modern jade ornaments variety of styles, are: the jade beads, jade bracelets each, each jade hairpin, jade ornaments, jewelry sets, each jade rings, Jin Xiang Yu goods, each jade belts and other assortment, except Jade, agate, jade and other jade dense material, but also the use of jade, green gold, chicken stone, malachite, Donglin stone, coral, crystal, QUARTZ, wood becomes stone and so on jade materials . Specifications ever-changing style, single-level string beads alone, pagoda string, color string, shaped string, with the shape string, and so on. These jewelry jade ornaments strap through careful, it would give people's lives, the effect of clothing play a perfect match. 2 historical origins of Chinese civilization Chinese jade jade is the world's leading countries, not only a long mining history, and a very wide geographic distribution, abundant Yun amount. According to "Shan Hai Jing," recorded in domestic jade place at two hundred. After thousands of years of exploitation, some jade mine has dried up, but some well-known jade ore mining is still a lot for the development of Chinese jade carving forward, providing endless stream of raw materials. For example, "Shan Hai Jing" chronicles the northeast region Yiwulushan yield and quality beefy Xun, thousands of years later, the names remain unchanged, now Yingkou, producing talc. China's most famous places in Xinjiang Hotan jade. And Tian Yun amount richest, most brilliant color, best quality, price most expensive, is an important source of raw jade in ancient China, ancient royal love with and nephrite grind device, the ancient Silk Road, the first is the Jade Road, after and extending from the west. In addition and nephrite, the Jiuquan jade Gansu, Shaanxi Lantian, Nanyang Dushan jade and jade dense County, Liaoning Xiuyan etc., but also raw materials used Chinese jade. [3] jade Chinese jade eyes is different, it has gone beyond the scope of mere taxonomy of the Chinese population to become spiritual sustenance. As early as the late Paleolithic ten thousand years ago, Chinese people's ancestors discovered and started using a jade. It is generally believed that the ancient people in the production, the use of stone tools discovered the jade of this mineral. It is more rigid than the average rock, so people use it to process other stone products. It is another distinctive color and luster, Bach, likable, so people can use it for decoration slowly, so that the original is "beautiful stones as jade." In the long life practice in which people come to realize part of the "beautiful stone" has a special character, put them independence from the "stone", the called "Jade." Carved jade also has unique properties, Seiko invention before the metal, jade is an indirect way to carve the ground that the use of utensils drive Xie Yu sand to grind jade. With the development of productive forces, since the number is not a lot of jade and processing difficulties, and therefore only a limited number of prominent figures such as ethnic chiefs, priests are eligible to wear and use only such labor-intensive goods, which in turn makes it gradually evolved into a ritual, ceremonial vessels or totem. It is in this long slow process of evolution, jade from the original nature is merely a special stone into a symbol represents power, status, wealth, theocratic. More types of Liangzhu Culture Jade, typically has Jade, Bi, Yu Yue, trident jade and jade pendant clusters and so on. Liangzhu jade with a large body itself, seem deep strict, symmetric equilibrium has been fully applied, especially in bas-relief decorative techniques known, especially engraved line art reached the point where future generations are almost unmatched. Best reflects the level of Liangzhu jade carving is diverse types, a large number, but also make people enigmatic immortal Jade and Shoumian pattern characterization. Compared with the Liangzhu jade, rare dull square Hongshan Culture jade, and animal-shaped jade and jade circular features. Typically has Dragon, Jade zoomorphic ornaments, jade hoop and so on. Hongshan Culture Jade carving skills biggest feature is that Yu Jiang cleverly use jade, modeling features grasp objects, a few knives, portray the image of the objects to life, very vivid. "Likeness" is the most prominent feature of Hongshan jade. Hongshan jade, not the big win, and to elaborate reflexes. Liangzhu, Hongshan jade analysis and more from medium-sized tombs, Neolithic jade in addition to worship Heaven, the funerary mutes and other types of uses, as well as evil, a symbol of power, wealth, social status and so on. Chinese jade outset, with mystery. Jade legendary Xia Dynasty, is China's first class society. With the accumulation of archaeological data, the legend gradually become a reality, the Xia Dynasty culture is constantly revealed. Xia Dynasty jade style, should be the Liangzhu Culture, Longshan Culture, Hongshan Culture Jade transition to Shang jade form, which can be unearthed jade glimpse of its evident from Henan Yanshi sites. Two inside seven holes unearthed jade knives, modeling source of the late Neolithic porous stone knives, but also with a Shang Dynasty jade sculptured double outline of Origin should be of Jade. Shang was the first to write a text of slavery found in our country. Shang civilization not only known for stately bronze, also with a large number of jade known. Early Shang Dynasty jade found in small, relatively rough cut system in general. In the late Shang Dynasty jade tomb of Fu Hao Yin Ruins in Anyang jade represented a total of 755 jade, use can be divided into ritual, ceremonial, tools, appliances, life, ornaments and miscellaneous six major categories. Shang Yu Jiang and Tian use in larger quantities. Shang Yi appeared imitation bronze (yi yi) the Jasper Gui (gui ghost), jade Gui and other practical utensils. Animals, figures much higher than the geometric jade jade, Yulong, Yufeng, jade parrot, look different, Shaw completed the form and spirit. Jade, or standing, or kneeling, or sitting posture and diverse; a master or slave, prisoner, it is difficult to discern. Shang has emerged earliest pretty color jade - jade turtle. The most stunning and most successful is that Shang has begun work with a lot of sculpture in the round, in addition to Yu Jiang also use double parallel incised lines (commonly known as double hook line), consciously a male pattern presented in two Yin middle, so that yin and yang lines also play a vigorous and effective role, and the entire pattern change so do their wonderful song. Both eliminate completely the use of Yinxian monotony, but also enhance the three-dimensional pattern design lines. Western Zhou Dynasty Shang jade jade in succession while double outline art, unique, bold or fine Yinxian yimianpo carve the Jade carving skills, which shine in the bird-shaped knife and Animal Mask jade jade ornaments. But generally speaking, the Western Zhou Dynasty Shang Dynasty jade jade no lively and varied, but seemed a bit stiff, too rules. This is not unrelated to the Western Zhou Dynasty strict patriarchal, the customs system. Spring and Autumn Period, the political feudal hegemony, contending academic, artistic and cultural flourishing, brilliant jade carving, it was the Mediterranean basin with Greek, Roman stone carving art comparable. Eastern Zhou Dynasty royal family and dysfunction, for their own interests, regarded jade as their own (gentleman) in disguise. They Peigua jade ornaments to flaunt themselves as the "virtue" of good men. "Gentlemen reason, not jade body", so that every scholar, head to toe, there is a range of jade ornaments, especially at the waist jade series more complicated. So when Pei especially developed. Embodies the spirit of the times is a lot of dragon, phoenix, tiger-shaped jade, modeling was full of dynamic beauty of S-shaped, with a strong Chinese style and ethnic characteristics. Microhyla appeared hidden from the valley pattern, attached to hollow techniques, applied to the child on a single or double hook Yinxian Yinxian collusion pattern leaf pattern, appears saturated and harmonious. Who first snake pendants, parrot head arched pendants, Jade carving reflects the Spring and Autumn country level and Pei-yu situation. Hubei tomb unearthed jade multi-section, solid village unearthed in Henan Huixian big Yu Huang Pei, all with several sections of jade pieces form a complete jade, jade is the Warring States in the most difficult process. Yu Jian jade belt hooks and ornaments (jade with sword), jade then emerging. Spring and Autumn Period, and Hetian massive importation of the Central Plains, the royal princes competing for selection and nephrite jade Palace Museum collection of collusion pattern lights are standard and nephrite, then the ritual science scholars who combine research and nephrite, and nephrite used to reflect Confucianism Thought. In order to meet the ruler of love and nephrite psychological, then to the traditional concept of benevolence, wisdom, righteousness, propriety, music, loyalty, faith, heaven, earth, Germany, and other Confucian analogy various features on the physical and chemical properties of nephrite, followed by "gentleman than Germany in Jade", five de Jade, nine German, 11 virtues of other theories have emerged. "Pumping attribute Yi jade, endowed with philosophical thought and moral; shape arrangement jade, Fu Yin and Yang of thought and religion; measure comparison jade, assigned the title rank and politicized." (Guo Baojun "Jade New Interpretation" ) was a highly theoretical learning and ritual jade research summary. This is the theoretical basis of Chinese jade carving enduring, is the spiritual pillar of the Chinese people love jade fashion seven years. China has 7,000 years of history with jade, jade studying history in 2500, making China earned its reputation as "jade country". Long history of early Chinese ancient jade, the duration, the wide distribution, the shape of the public, fine workmanship, the deep impact, as any other country can match. Chinese people in the long history of the formation process of a deep-rooted respect for national jade, jade national psychology of love, jade deification and Fetish concept, special powers are rooted in this view, and jade culture itself as an important Chinese civilization part, we have a profound impact incalculable thousands of years in the history of Chinese civilization. The famous scholar Joseph Needham in "Chinese History of Science and Technology" more is said: "jade hobby, arguably one of China's culture, inspired the sculptors, poets, painters unlimited inspiration." Jade, the connotation of Chinese Culture on the wider. Han Xu Shen in the "Dictionary" said the jade, beautiful stone and five virtues. Five feature called five German, referring to jade. Where a tough texture, Crystal Run gloss, brilliant colors, dense and transparent organization, Sujan Zhiyuan sound beautiful stone, jade is considered. This standard, jade eyes of the ancients, including not only true jade (amphibole) further comprises serpentine, turquoise, malachite, agate, crystal, amber, red and green colored gemstones Shi. Therefore, when the appreciation of jade, we can not only to identify the pros and cons with modern scientific knowledge, must also have a historical perspective. There is a Chinese wisdom, called "Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade," which tells the true meaning of jade carving. In fact, the intricate jade is not carved out of, but the use of emery harder than jade, quartz, garnet and other "solution jade sand", combined with water to grind jade, cut into the design of the finished product. So, with jargon, is not called jade carved jade, jade and said the rule, or Jade carving, jade grind, grind Zhuoyu. Jade carving skills are superb, and the rule of jade tool is simple. Until modern times, the Chinese people have been using traditional tools, such as disc wire saws, made of steel and wrought iron, circle round, drilling, semi-circular plate and frame with wooden lathes to produce jade. In the Neolithic and Bronze Age iron invention before, most of the tools or even just to bamboo, a bone and sandstone preparation. So primitive tools, can figure out so wonderful jade, really miracle. We now see early prehistoric jade jade tool mostly jade knives, jade axes, jade pin. Then there jade ritual (ceremonial vessels) such as the Liangzhu Culture Jade, trigeminal type device, there are some pictographic as Hongshan culture jade Yulong, jade pig, etc., should be produced as an ethnic group and the Totem. Jade this period is not entirely made of jade produced within the meaning of the modern sense, it can be jade, it may simply be a pretty little stone, such as marble and metamorphic ore mine symbiotic tremolite. Until the late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, jade tool has been hard to see in the area of ??China's mainstream culture, from appearing on behalf of a large number of jade burial objects, jade accessories such as curtain Fu Hao Shang Dynasty unearthed Dragon, Jade wind, jade crane. In this case it has been widely used to produce objects of nephrite. After three generations of the old Qin to Sui and Tang dynasties, jade has been the imperial nobility public proprietary decorative items. Song economic development, commercial prosperity, due to the technological advances handicrafts, jade processing becomes more convenient, jade and jade tours wind Sheng. At this time a large number of ingenious, processing delicate, wonderful idea jade ornaments, jade pieces. Ming and Qing jade production and appreciation peaked, more colorful varieties, small jade hairpin head, jade buttons, large whole piece Yupingfeng, Yushan, Jade ship. Nobility family also used jade to make day appliances such as jade bowl, he'll, jade and so on. In general, white jade (particularly production in Xinjiang suet) is on, followed topaz, jade again, miscellaneous jade (such as the South jade, Henan jade) for the next. Early Qing jade into the Central Plains, the captivating green immediately won the people's sight. With emerald jade ornaments made popular, when people become pursued fashion. But when we see a jade, appreciate its style, its impregnation, its material when the heart liters of oil, however, it will be a strong sense of national pride. 3 Place of origin of jade in our country is synonymous with beauty stone. Depending ancient jade treasure, people today again called precious jade gem. Our country is a country of jade, but the current domestic jewelry industry, archeology and geology sector definitions jade, jade and gems are different. Currently international collectively refers nephrite jade and jadeite (Emerald), collectively referred to as other jade carving jade stone. Gem is a collection of special optical effects of one or more mineral composition, the vast majority are some minerals single crystal, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, opals, tourmalines, purple teeth black and so on. 3.1 jadeite jade later half of the 19th century, the French mineralogist Mul, will China's "Jade" is divided into nephrite and jadeite (see Geological Information Institute: "Emerald rushing" Foreign Geological Science and Technology ", 1981, No. 2) categories. Jadeite, our commonly known as "Jade", is a rising star in China's traditional jade, jade is in the top grade of all modern times. Jade whether it is "mountain material" (original ore) or "seed material" (secondary minerals), mainly by a dense block of jadeite mineral composition. Under the microscope, the mineral composition of jadeite jade closely intertwined to form a fibrous structure of jade. This tight fibrous structure, the Jade features a delicate and tough. Jadeite is made of a steel and aluminum silicate mineral composition, pure colorless or white person. Its bulk chemical composition is: silicon dioxide accounts for 58.28%, accounting for 13.94% of sodium oxide, calcium oxide accounts for 1.62%, accounting for 0.91% magnesium, ferric oxide accounts for 0.64%, also contains trace amounts of chromium, nickel, etc. . Among them, chromium is emerald emerald green with a major factor. Emerald usually contain 0.2 to 0.5% chromium oxide, the individual more than 2 to 3.75 percent. Jade hardness of 7, the proportion of 3.33. Mineral refractive index: Ng = 1.667, Np = 1.654; birefringence of 0.012. Common emerald color white, gray, pink, light brown, green, green, yellow, purple, etc., most opaque, individual translucent, shiny glass. Divided by color and texture, there are gems green, brilliant green, yellow and green sun, sun smart green, glass green, parrot green, spinach green, shallow green, light sun green, green frog, green melons, plum green, blue , gray-green, glossy dark green, and violet and lotus root starch, more than 20 varieties. Jade In China specifically called jadeite, probably began in the Song Dynasty. While the Han Zhang Heng "Xijing fu" Ban Gu "West Ode" and the Six Dynasties Xu Ling's "New Wing Order" Emerald mentioned are likely to refer to the nephrite jade, jadeite instead. Because of jadeite has not test in the Tang Dynasty, so Annotation "anthology" Reappraisal to "Han" are a bad idea and it. Recently, British historian Joseph Needham in the third volume of "Chinese History of Science and Technology," said: In the 18th century, Chinese people do not know this kind of thing jadeite. Later, jadeite from Myanmar origin only enter China via Yunnan. Not long ago, the Soviet geologist group also Fulin Ke also noted that the degree of risk of Myanmar, Myanmar to take, take and Nan Nai Pan risk of secondary emerald mine was discovered in 1871, has been mined for over a hundred years, has not yet taken empty. Myanmar Wulongjiang native Emerald Valley as early as the 13th century (the end of Song to the early Yuan Dynasty) has been mining (see "Foreign Geological Science and Technology"). However, there are treasures and relics from the palace has not been found before the Ming Dynasty jade. Therefore, the Chinese people when called jadeite to emerald, when Myanmar jade into China, has been the history of not figure out the mystery. We look forward to the archaeologists to have a new discovery, to resolve this outstanding historical issues. 3.2 Nephrite Nephrite Nephrite is the translation of the English mineralogist. The English name comes from the Greek, the "kidney" means. This is because the ancient continent believe that this kind of jade Peigua the waist can be cured kidney disease (long surgery Beowulf: "jewel precious metals dictionary"). However, regardless of Europeans or, like jade Mexico and New Zealanders or whatever, no Chinese soft jade long history. China has "Jade Country," he said in the world, with the discovery and use of this nephrite long history. In our country there are white nephrite, jade, jasper, topaz and black jade and other varieties. They differ with jadeite, is amphibole group minerals in mineral tremolite actinolite (tremolite mainly) composed of dense block. Under the microscope, like jadeite jade are soft fibrous structure. This from the fibrous tremolite or actinolite stone structure consisting of nephrite have mainly delicate and tough nature. Tremolite is an aqueous calcium magnesium silicate and fluoride, the ingredients often contain less than 4% of iron, when the iron content of more than 4%, or transition to actinolite. Chemical analysis of Xinjiang nephrite block our results are: accounting for 57.60% of silica, alumina, 0.25%, 0.66% iron oxide, manganese oxide, 0.16%, 25.61% magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, 2.68%, 2.74% other impurities . Hardness of 6 to 6.5. The proportion of 2.96 ~ 3.17. Mineral Refractive index: tremolite is Np = 1.599 ~ 1.619, Nm = 1.612 ~ 1.630, Ng = 1.622 ~ 1.640, 0.021 ~ 0.023 birefringence; actinolite is Np = 1.619 ~ 1.688, Nm = 1.630 ~ 1.697, Ng = 1.640 ~ 1.705, 0.021 ~ 0.027 birefringence. Nephrite common colors are white, gray, green, dark green, yellow, black and other colors. Most opaque, individual translucent, shiny glass. Nephrite varieties are divided by different colors. Best white person white as suet, called "white jade." Grayish white jade Bai Zhiqing, there was the gray-white jade called "green jade." Jasper was green to dark green, sometimes visible black smudges, containing impurities such as chrome spinel minerals due. When containing impurities and black, black jade is precious. Topaz is a relatively rare species. Sapphire has sugar yellow hull, existing called it as "sugar jade." White pinkish who was known as "pink jade." Tiger skin color is called "tiger jade" and so on. Current knowledge, in addition to domestic production of soft jade Taiwan Toyota area (including tremolite opal), mainly grown in Xinjiang. Xinjiang Hetian long history in the "Historical Records", "Han", "Wei", "Sui Shu", "Old Tang," "new Jade Tang Dynasty", "Five Dynasties" and other ancient books, both records. However, before the Western Han Dynasty, the situation is contained in the historical records produced in Xinjiang nephrite often carries a lot of myths. Records from the "Historical Records", "Lisi admonish Zhuke book" and "Su Li Zhaohui Wen Wang to book" in a few words ("now Majesty Kunshan jade, there are over, and the number of Po Po ...... this person Qin not grow wherever. "" Ma Hu on behalf of the dog is not under the East Kunlun jade not, nor this Sambo who has been king. ") point of view, as early as the Warring States to Qin unified, the Xinjiang soft Hotan jade from Kunlun Mountains north to the endless stream of various transport inland. Especially nephrite block of dense 尔岱 produced large, often those on the kilograms. Qing densely 尔岱 abandoned jade produced in three, the big jin, eight times in extremely heavy, and weighs three times in extremely heavy in 乌沙克塔克 Taiwan. National Palace Museum Treasures from the Museum collection of "Dayu Yushan" original weight ten thousand seven hundred kilos, the largest to date jade pieces that produced dense Erdai. 3.3 Xiuyan Jade referred to, as production named Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province. The main varieties of jade surface this seems, with Xinjiang jade or jasper somewhat similar, but the mineral composition and hardness is different. Jade is the main mineral composition of serpentine. Ingredients often contain divalent iron, ferric iron, also mixed with manganese, aluminum, nickel, cobalt and other impurities, these mix-in a variety of colors make Xiuyan. Jade's colors are white, yellow, yellow, pink, light green, green, green, dark green, brown and green and other variegated. Where often the main green tone, color ranged between sapphire and jasper. Jade serpentine mineral composition, usually more than 85%, a small amount of common other mineral calcite, tremolite and so on. Tremolite mixed, can increase the hardness of Jade. Jade jade and nephrite jade with easy to distinguish, primarily Gloss (both old oil sheen) and different hardness. Jade widely produced contact metamorphism of magnesian marble in many parts of China have such a geological environment, so its origin is quite extensive. The following are known to have different origins and origin of the name of the division to the species: Jade green, translucent to opaque, origin in Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province, tile ditch. The chemical composition is: 43.80% silica, 42.10% MgO, 0.56% calcium oxide, alumina, 0.006%, 0.64% ferric oxide, 11.81% water, 12.85% impurities. Hardness of 4.8 to 5.5, the proportion of 2.61. Produced in the ancient rock formation dolomite marble. South jade mining history is unknown, as produced in Guangdong Province Xinyi County Si flow region, so called "letter should Yu." Most of the serpentine jade, and contains a small amount of gold mica, talc, calcite, tremolite, chlorite, epidote and so on. Because it contains impurities, the color often associated with Jade different shades dark green to brown to green. While the output of the geological conditions and Jade there are differences, it is produced in mixed mica schist and banded gneiss formations, jade ore often below 0.2 to 5.5 m thick layer of talc. Qilian production Qilian jade dark green, with more black dirty spots, Jade and South jade do not have this characteristic. Beijing topaz yellow, but also by the serpentine, as production Laojun Tang Beijing Ming Tombs contact metamorphic marble in its name. The 1960s found that if mining history before, is unknown. Because production is too small, now stop mining. Ann Greenstone also serpentine jade, because for the first time found in the County of Jilin set Lushuihe named. Produced in serpentine marble ancient formations. Jade pure, delicate and smooth, apple green to dark green, slightly transparent to translucent. Jade jade and serpentine similar origin and there are many varieties. Therefore, when we identified since Neolithic belonging to this type of jade jade, jade must not easily determine the source. In 1977, the Neolithic jade Nanjing Museum in Jiangsu Wuxian Caoxieshan, Zhang Ling mountains discovered, there is a jade tube was identified as serpentine jade, Jade is not just produced in Liaoning, jade material may be in Jiangsu Zhenjiang product. 3.4 Lantian Lantian jade name began to take on "Han Geography", Jade produced from the "Beijing North (now Xi'an North) Lam Mountain." Subsequently, "Han Chuan wife's family," Zhang Heng "Xijing fu", "Guang Ya" and "Waterways" and "Yuanhe County records," and other classics, there Lantian jade production records. To the Ming Dynasty, Sung in the "Heavenly Creations" said: "The so-called Lam, namely Congling (Kunlun Mountains) the alias jade, then also mistakenly thought to Xi'an Lantian too." Since the world after causing disputes with Lam did not say jade, jade and some say even may be laiyu (color green like jade leaves). In recent years, Shaanxi, geologists discovered in Lam Tin Yu serpentinized marble material, but also aroused the interest of archaeologists. In 1982, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources Geological Museum, an exhibition of original stone above Lantian. This serpentine strong, the local has become the Jade jade the same. Jade appearance, yellow, light green and so uneven tone, and with a whitish marble. This jade, though not very beautiful, but because Lam is located near the ancient city of Xi'an, jade hardness of about 4, easy to process, and therefore it was possible to use as decorations. There are two pieces in the Han Dynasty jade Lantian like today, one is in the vicinity of Shaanxi Han tomb unearthed 武帝茂 large jade shop first embedded in the tomb door; another is the Palace Museum of the Han Dynasty jade. From these two pieces of jade and jade color point of view, many geologists believe that with today's Lantian similar. But is it really the ancient Lantian, it needs to be further examined. 3.5 Nanyang jade jade Nanyang Nanyang jade named because of production, because of mine in Nanyang Dushan, so called "Dushan." Nanyang jade, bright color, more delicate texture, gloss, high hardness, comparable with the emerald. German has been called "Nanyang Jade", the Soviet Union also Fulin Ke geologist based Nanyang jade once attributed to the type of emerald jade deposits. According to Henan geologists in recent years, studies have proven Nanyang jade is a kind of altered anorthosite, composed of minerals except plagioclase, there zoisite, epidote, tremolite, sericite, black Mica and sphene like. After microscopic identification, jade contains a variety of alteration minerals, alteration to zoisite Petrochemical, epidotization and tremolite-based. Because jade electric elements containing various metal impurities ion), so there are a variety of jade color tones, with green, white, variegated mainly, but also see a purple, blue, yellow and other colors. Nanyang jade hardness of 6 to 6.5. Shiny glass, most opaque, a few slightly transparent. The results of chemical analysis are: 41 to 45% of silica, alumina, 30.71 - 34.14%, 0.28 to 1.73% magnesium, 0.02 to 2.64% potassium oxide, ferric oxide 0 to 0.8%, ferrous oxide 0.27 to 0.88 %, 0.02 to 0.1% manganese oxide, chromium oxide 0.01 to 0.34%, from 0.23 to 0.74% of crystal water, 0.06 to 0.52% carbon dioxide. Nanyang jade trace element analysis results are: 0.01 to 0.5% chromium, nickel and less than 0.1%, 0.001% to 0.1% vanadium, 0.01 to 0.05% manganese, titanium, 0.001 to 0.5%. According to written records, Nanyang jade mined in the Han Dynasty is no doubt. Recently excavated material will be pushed to Nanyang jade mining suppliers late before. 1952 Li Ji in the "Yin Ruins edged stone Illustrated" that the Yin Ruins edged stone where four hundred forty-four, including seven jade, jade which seven are all Nanyang jade material. 3.6 Jade Turquoise Turquoise Turquoise is a mineral composed mainly of small aphanitic dense block, containing copper, aluminum and water, phosphates, generally produced in secondary epithermal deposits. Mostly sky blue, dark blue, blue-green and green, weathered intense greenish white. With a soft, waxy sheen. 6 hardness, specific gravity of 2.6 to 2.8. The average refractive index of 1.61 ~ 1.63. Turquoise is an ancient tradition in our jade, as early as the Neolithic Age, it is with jade, agate and other jade together as decorations. According to "The History of Ancient China Mining Development," a book of statistics, the new late Neolithic Qijia culture and cultural sites in the Northern and Southern Dynasties tombs, there are many discovered turquoise decorations. Our turquoise, except in northwest Hubei Province famous for its origin, but in recent years in Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Anhui, Henan and other provinces have found that due to the northwest of Hubei Xiangyang Road, an ancient Morogata jurisdiction, so again the Northwest Hubei Morogata Historical production called Xiangyang tal turquoise, and also a long mining. But the world's production of turquoise is the most famous Persian, because input via Turkey to European countries, there are "turquoise" or "Turks jade," he said. When we identify unearthed ancient China turquoise products, but also should consider the source of jade, not necessarily Xiangyang tal. 3.7 agate jade agate Since pattern with beautiful ornaments since ancient times been used. Unearthed jade, agate beads clusters common to the pendant as much. Previous history of the Han Dynasty, agate known as "King Jade" or "Red Jade." "Guang Ya" with "agate stone times Jade" and "Yu-red head Joan," said. Agate phrase from Buddhist scriptures. Sanskrit name, the "阿斯玛加波", meaning "agate", visible after Buddhism was introduced into China, jade or red Joan Joan was in the country was renamed the "agate." In addition to the fine mineral composition of agate chalcedony, sometimes see a small amount of opal or aphanitic particulate quartz. Strictly speaking, no characteristic pattern with a pattern can not be called agate, can only be called chalcedony. On the market today that have no pattern with a pattern of chalcedony also called "agate", which means the same ancient agate is not consistent. Pure Agate who is white, because it contains other metal elements (such as Fe, Ni, etc.) appear gray, brown, red, blue, green, green, light green, black and other colors, sometimes several colors or white with miscellaneous appear. Agate block are transparent, translucent and opaque glass gloss to waxy luster. Hardness 6.5 to 7, the proportion of 2.65. Agate pattern with a pattern according to their thickness and shape of stars there are many varieties. Grain belt was "onyx" shape are called "Onyx", which most valuable with red lines, known as the "red onyx." Additionally, there are "banded agate" "agate Walled City", "Tan agate", "moss agate", "Kam onyx" "zygote agate" "agate spot sauce", "cypress agate", "song significantly less agate "," agate water tank "and other varieties (see Li's" Compendium of Materia Medica "). In the absence of pattern with a pattern of "chalcedony", also there are many jade materials. Depending on the color, the "carnelian", "chrysoprase" (also known as the British card stone), "light green chalcedony," "blood chalcedony" (also known as blood stone) and "Jasper" and so on. Agate with nephrite jade as is traditional in China. Yin and yang in camps north of Nanjing unearthed in the ruins of jade and agate beads agate cup. In a large number of agate beads, there is one for the evil shape, 1.7 cm long. Great Ho Chong Gansu Yongjing Qijia cultural sites, Shandong Junan large stores in the Spring and Autumn and the tomb of the Eastern Jin Dynasty tomb in Nanjing Xiangshan medium, have also been found agate beads. Agate ancient tribute both from Western, Indian, Persian, Kang, Japan and other countries, but also self domestic ground. The latter for the national name, lives in the Changbai Mountains north, the Songhua River, Heilongjiang River, where since ancient times to the "Akaishi" enjoy the name (see "Han Dong Yi Chuan; such as the Northeast Fuyu and pour Lou, the former governing this Siping City, Jilin "). In addition Weizhou (now Yuxian) nine empty hill and declared House (Xuanhua), corner mountain (see "Heavenly Creations"), Gansu and Ningxia area (see "Museum Highlights"), Yan'an Prefecture Shenmu and Fugu region (see "broad public opinion in mind"), Zhen Yu Chau red (see "Song"), Guangxi Bobai County (see "Bobai County"), Nanjing Yuhua station (see "curios continued examination"), etc., agate are produced. Today our geologists in the northwest, north, northeast and southwest and south China regions have proven many agate origin. All times, because of the large agate origin, so identification of the source material unearthed jade agate is not then easy. Such as the famous Tang Dynasty bronzes agate cup, which source you do not know jade materials.